Sharp, which takes its name from the ever-sharp mechanical pencil it invented a century ago, needs backup from Hon Hai, which Gou started four decades ago as a plastic parts maker, if it is to remain viable in the long term, investors say. This is a major area Hon Hai can work on with Sharp. The mercurial Gou, who has been mobbed by the media since his arrival in Japan, and staider Sharp executives may face a bit of a culture clash as ties between the companies grow.
On Thursday, Gou scrapped plans for a ceremony ahead of the factory tour in addition to skipping the media briefing. For now, Sharp is relying on hundreds of billions of yen of fresh loans from its main banks, Mizuho Financial Group and Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, to pay its debts over the next year. The plants may have flower buds, flowers, or berries in dense clusters close to the vine. According to the American Skin Association, as many as 50 million Americans have a poison ivy reaction each year.
Urushiol sticks to skin, clothing, fur, gardening tools, and other surfaces when it comes into contact with them. Washing the oil off your skin immediately after contact may prevent a rash from developing.
Soap and water is effective, as are commercial poison ivy washes, but the key in either case is to wash the oil off quickly, before the allergic reaction begins. Following contact — or even potential contact — with poison ivy, you should also wash your clothing and footwear and any gear or equipment that could have touched the poison ivy plant.
Poison ivy loses its leaves in the winter and grows new ones in the spring. Young poison ivy leaves often start out dark red and shiny, then gradually turn green and less shiny over time. In addition to leaves, the poison ivy plant may grow clusters of small, green of flower buds in spring.
In summer most poison ivy leaves are green, although new leaves may still appear reddish at first, and the leaf edges and stems of the plant sometimes stay red. Poison ivy vines often take over an area, crowding out other plants and creating a carpet of poison ivy.
It can also weave itself in among other plants, sometimes covering an entire field of grasses or other low plants. And it can create a wall of foliage on fences, abandoned buildings, or sunny rock outcroppings. Individuals who choose to wear shorts, short sleeves, or sandals outdoors in hot weather should look carefully before touching or walking through any greenery.
Similarly, hikers and other outdoorspeople should stay on trails and be extra careful when stepping off the trail to heed the call of nature. Poison ivy is one of the first plants to change color in the fall, and its leaves can turn a brilliant red, yellow, or orange. They can still give you a rash, just like green poison ivy leaves. In winter, poison ivy loses its leaves, but it can still cause a rash if you touch the hairy vines that remain.
Poison ivy vines can be as much as six inches thick, and they may have thinner branches sticking out horizontally. Poison ivy flower buds are small and green or greenish-yellow and form in clusters, close to the vine. They emerge in the spring, soon after the first leaves come out. Manel while no changes were evident in the salt-tolerant Hordeum maritimum and the halophyte Suaeda altissima Chalbi et al. Greater lipid accumulation and mobilization during seedling development occurred in the salt-sensitive variety of sunflower Helianthus annuus L.
However, lipid profiling to address membrane lipid compositional changes in salt-sensitive soybean leaves following salt treatment has not been reported. The majority of membrane lipids in leaves are structural lipids including galactolipids GLs and phospholipids PLs Guschina et al. Among the main PL classes, phosphatidic acid PA plays an important role in signal transduction and serves as a key intermediate in lipid metabolism Athenstaedt and Daum, PA accumulation can be induced by biotic and abiotic stresses caused by salt, drought, cold, plant pathogens, and wounding Tuteja and Sopory, Given the complexities in protein function upon stress treatment, proteomics represents a powerful approach to evaluate the proteome.
Such analysis related to stresses such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures has been reported in several major crops Ahmad et al. Furthermore, the integration of proteomics data with others from genomics, transcriptomics, or metabolomics provides wider scope in understanding biological processes Zhang and Kuster, In soybean, proteome studies on abiotic stress have been reported on flood, drought, heat, and salinity Das et al.
A case in point is the integration of metabolome and proteome studies of the maize atg12 mutant which revealed a role for ATG12 in autophagic recycling by proteome remodeling and lipid turnover McLoughlin et al. To explore the adaptive mechanisms of soybean in lipid signaling and remodeling of metabolism following salt stress, lipid profiling was performed on leaves of seedlings from cultivar C08 Lam et al.
In our previous study, C08 seedlings showed leaf drooping at 0. To study if this phenomenon could be closely linked to the dynamic changes in membrane lipid composition, integrated proteomic and lipidomic analyses were conducted. To address protein function in response to salt, label-free quantitative LFQ proteomic analysis on salt-treated soybean seedling leaves was conducted. Our study identified putative enzymes or protein components involved in lipid regulation and provide a comprehensive understanding of lipid remodeling following salt treatment in soybean.
Soybean G. Detailed growth conditions have been previously described Liu et al. NaCl was omitted in the control.
Primary leaves were harvested at 0, 0. Total lipids were extracted following the protocol of Shiva et al. Around six leaf punches from the primary leaf were sampled using a liquid nitrogen N 2 pre-cooled leaf puncher. The leaf punches were immediately immersed in 2 ml of isopropanol containing 0. The lipid content was estimated and normalized to the dry weight of the leaf punches.
Five independent replicates of leaves from soybean seedlings were analyzed. Individual lipid species were denoted by the lipid class, followed by the total number of acyl Cs and the total number of C-C double bonds in the acyl chains, e.
The profile of membrane lipids was measured using an automated electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry Devaiah et al. Total leaf protein was extracted following the method of Lv et al. Harvested primary leaves were ground in liquid N 2 with a mortar and pestle. The precipitation procedure was repeated once. Three biological replicates were performed.
Mobile phase A 1. Raw data was acquired with Xcalibur software and analyzed using the Proteome Discoverer v2. Briefly, unique peptides were used for quantification, MS1 precursor abundance was estimated based on its intensity.
Peptide abundance was normalized by total peptide amount and summed into protein abundances. Each time point has three biological replicates. Protein fold changes were calculated based on protein abundance using salt-treated against untreated samples, and imputation was performed with replicate based resampling. Common and specific sets of identified proteins as well as DEPs were visualized by Venny 2. The protein abundance identified in all three replicates was used to conduct principal component analysis PCA , and batch effects were removed by the removeBatchEffect function of limma package Smyth and Speed, The reference William 82 a2v1 was set as background.
The Fisher exact test was employed and the p -value was corrected by the Yekutieli method Yekutieli and Benjamini, The hypergeometric test was further conducted to test enrichment. The prediction of protein subcellular localisation was performed on ProtComp9. LysoPC increased by 1. Amongst the PG acyl species, only PG showed significant decrease at 0.
Table 1. Changes in major lipid classes of soybean C08 leaves under salt treatment. Figure 1. Changes in lipid acyl species under salt stress in leaves of soybean Glycine max [L. Heatmaps showing the log 2 -fold changes in each affected lipid acyl species at 0. The lipid molecular species were quantified by tandem mass spectrometry. Scale bar represents log 2 -fold changes.
The raw data is provided in Supplementary Table 1. Similar to PC, most molecular species of PE declined after 0. Also, the PI species and were lower at 0. These changes in various membrane lipid molecular species indicate that salt stress altered membrane lipids dynamically in C08 leaves. Given that lipid turnover in soybean leaves is facilitated by a series of metabolic enzymes, regulatory proteins and their related transporters, to identify the molecular mechanisms in lipid modulation, proteome profiling was performed in parallel to lipid profiling.
In total, 2,, 2,, 2,, and 2, master proteins were detected at 0, 0. When the entire proteome was analyzed by PCA, clear differences among time points were observed with three biological replicates of each time point tending to cluster together Figure 2A.
Venn diagram analysis of identified proteins from all time points showed that 1, master proteins were common, and , , 95, and 81 unique proteins exist at 0, 0. Figure 2. Impact of salt treatment for 0, 0. A PCA of proteome profiles. Normalized protein abundance was Log 2 transformed and used as input data, centring and scaling was performed prior than calculating principle components. The first and second principal components were visualized in dot plot, and the variation was labeled in the brackets.
B Venn diagram of identified proteins in each time point. The size of each circle represents the input number of proteins in the enriched pathway. The protein lists of enriched pathways are provided in Supplementary Table 4. Pathway enrichment analysis was conducted by identifying KEGG pathways with all identified proteins with or without salt treatment.
In comparison to 0 h, 11 and 7 metabolic or signaling pathways were enriched at 0. Furthermore, protein export was specially enriched at 0 h.
The number of proteins enriched in biotin metabolism and FA biosynthesis increased after salt stress, while those associated with nucleotide excision repair and RNA degradation pathway declined Figure 2C and Supplementary Table 4. To identify differential protein abundance at each time point in C08 leaves under salt stress, LFQ analysis was carried out and the fold changes of protein abundance under stress vs.
The results revealed that 81 upregulated , 78 upregulated , and 91 upregulated DEPs were identified after 0. GO analysis of DEPs from 0.
In the biological process category, for enrichment at 1 h DEPs were associated mainly with amino acid metabolism, nitrogen compound biosynthesis, while DEPs at 2 h clustered more in steroid metabolism, lipid biosynthesis, oxidation reduction, and translation process Figure 3B.
Some stress responsive proteins including dehydrin and ROS scavenging enzyme glutathione S-transferase GST and heat shock proteins HSPs which accumulated after salt treatment corresponded with their induced transcription Supplementary Table 7. Moreover, a major proportion DEPs was predicted to localize in the chloroplasts, mitochondria, nucleus, and cytoplasm after salt treatment Supplementary Figure 3. Figure 3. Effect of salt treatment on the soybean Glycine max [L.
A Heatmap displays the log 2 -fold changes in abundance of significant differentially expressed proteins DEPs stress vs. The union set was used to generate the plot. The protein lists of enriched items are provided in Supplementary Table 6. To further explore the possible mechanisms underlining redistribution of membrane lipids at the early stages of salt treatment, various proteins from the chloroplasts associated with FA and jasmonic acid JA biosyntheses were analyzed.
Figure 4. Proteins with differential abundance related to various metabolic pathways in the chloroplasts and peroxisomes during salt stress in leaves of soybean Glycine max [L. Each significant differentially expressed protein is presented as heatmaps with shades of red or blue according to the scale bar. Scale bar indicates log 2 -fold changes of protein abundance stress vs.
Differential protein abundances were calculated by label-free quantification of MS peptide signals. The enzymes related to the biosynthesis of JA, a fatty acid-derived phytohormone regulating abiotic stress responses in plants, were investigated Figure 4 and Supplementary Table 8. Only one AOC Glyma. As stress triggers membrane lipid degradation and the resultant polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFAs can be stored as triacylglycerol TAG in the plastoglobules lipid bodies in the chloroplasts , it was not surprising that plastoglobule structural proteins, fibrillin and plastid-lipid-associated protein PAP homologs of the fibrillin family increased at 0.
Fibrillin Glyma. Moreover, other plastidial proteins were also identified. The enzymatic antioxidant dehydroascorbate reductase 3 DHR3 was elevated by three-fold at 2 h. Given that energy production processes such as glycolysis and TCA cycle are known to respond to early salt exposure, analysis on proteins related to these two pathways were conducted.
An isocitrate dehydrogenase Glyma. Some enzymes of the cytoplasmic glycolysis pathway also increased. A hexokinase Glyma. These results indicate that in C08 leaves, the TCA cycle and the glycolysis pathway were enhanced by salt treatment. Figure 5. Black arrow, reaction between two intermediates; dashed arrow, several steps in the reaction. PDH E1, pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component.
Our proteome data detected three phosphatidylinositolphosphate 5-kinases PI4P5Ks , of which one Glyma. Figure 6. Proteins with differential abundance involved in phospholipid metabolic pathways during salt stress in leaves of soybean Glycine max [L. Furthermore, the key enzymes related to PI biosynthesis accumulated after salt treatment.
Moreover, when other enzymes related membrane PL biosynthesis in the ER were examined, the results revealed that choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase CTP essential in PC formation was not altered after salt treatment Figure 6 and Supplementary Table 8.
The very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA reductase KCR , required for the elongation of fatty acids, had decreased at 2 h of salt treatment Figure 6 and Supplementary Table 8. Earlier studies have shown the repercussion of salt stress on metabolites Li et al. Here we report on how high salt impacted membrane lipid composition and reveal a correlation in lipid metabolism with the remodulation of C and N pools upon salt treatment.
Integration of lipidome and proteome data in a time series better facilitated an understanding on lipid turnover and protein alteration under salt stress.
Salinity causes cell membrane breakdown and electrolyte leakage in soybean Phang et al. Leaf drooping was observed upon 30 min exposure to 0. Consistent with this, our lipid profiling of salt-treated soybean leaves showed a sharp decrease in total lipid content at 0. The reduction and recovery of total lipids indicate that lipid composition could be rebalanced within a short period of time upon salt treatment of C08 leaves. Most PC and PE species declined at 0.
Increase in PC species following salt stress has been reported in salt-tolerant plants including Catharanthus roseus and Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Elkahoui et al. JA, a major phytohormone regulating abiotic stress responses, is important in early responses to osmotic and salt stress Fujita et al.
Our results lead support to lead support to an enhancement of JA production following salt treatment. The upregulation of plastoglobule structural proteins was evident at the early stages of salt treatment Figure 4 and Supplementary Table 8.
Plastoglobules are known to play an essential role in lipid remodeling of the thylakoids Rottet et al. Some enzymes involved in the TCA cycle and glycolysis pathway increased after salt treatment Figure 5 and Supplementary Table 8 , consistent with other proteome studies reported that major metabolic pathways in plants involved in energy generation glycolysis, pyruvate decarboxylation and TCA cycle induced by salt Hossain et al.
The TCA cycle is a crucial component of respiratory metabolism and an increased respiration after salinity exposure represents a short-term adjustment in demand for energy consumption Bloom and Epstein, When salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant barley cultivars were subjected to short-term salinity exposure, both accumulated TCA cycle intermediates in the root elongation zone due to increased energy demand for cell division Shelden et al.
Pyruvate accumulated in both salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant soybean varieties under salt stress Zhang et al. A higher level of certain enzymes in the glycolysis pathway and the TCA cycle during salt treatment Figure 5 and Supplementary Table 8 enables accelerated respiration Bloom and Epstein, , to accommodate increased FAS and salt stress adaption in C08 leaves.
Phosphoinositides, vital lipid signaling molecules in response to salt, are derived from PI by the action of lipid kinases and phosphatases Heilmann and Heilmann, PI 4,5 P 2 is a secondary messenger that functions in recruitment of signaling complexes to specific membrane locations Martin,
0コメント