It is used as an emollient softening agent in cosmetics; as a humectant anti-drying agent in toothpaste, candies, medicines, tobacco where it keeps leaves from drying and crumbling , and glues prevent glue from drying in the bottle. It is also used in some plastics, especially cellophane, as a plasticizer to keep the plastic soft and pliable. Glycerol also contributes to the sweet, smooth taste of some wines. Glycerol combines with fatty acids long-chain carboxylic acids to make an series of biologically important molecules called the triglycerides fats and oils.
Benzyl alcohol , or phenylmethanol, is used in perfumes, flavors, soaps, cosmetics, ointments, and ball point pen inks; it is also used in some anti-itching medications. Cinnamic alcohol 3D Download 3D Cinnamic alcohol , or cinnamyl alcohol, is found in cinnamon leaves hence the name , usually in the form of an ester; it is also found in Tolu balsam, the resin of the Myroxylon toluifera tree.
It has an odor similar to that of hyacinth, and is used in perfumes particularly in lilac and other floral scents , deodorants, flavoring agent, soaps, and cosmetics. Diethylene glycol 3D Download 3D Diethylene glycol DEG is a colorless, odorless, toxic liquid used as an industrial solvent, and in the synthesis of other organic molecules. It is also used as a humectant for tobacco, and some inks and glues. In , the S. Massengill Co. Several other cases of DEG poisoning have resulted from DEG either being added to wines in an attempt to sweeten them, or because of its presence in improperly purified medications and cosmetics.
In May of , several cheap brands of toothpaste originating in China were removed from the market in several countries because they were found to be contaminated with DEG labeled on the containers as "glycerine". It is used in a insecticide called grandlure , which attracts and traps or kills these damaging insects.
Cyclohexanol 3D Download 3D Cyclohexanol is a cyclic, secondary alcohol. It is used in some organic synthesis reactions, in the manufacture of celluloid, textiles, and some insecticides. Garden City: Anchor Books, , p.
Atkins, Molecules , 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, , p. Richard J. Lewis, Sr. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, Sharp, The Penguin Dictionary of Chemistry , 2nd ed. London: Penguin Books, Martha Windholz ed. Methanol 3D Download 3D Methanol , also known as methyl alcohol and wood alcohol , is the simplest of the alcohols. Download 3D Benzyl alcohol 3D Download 3D Benzyl alcohol , or phenylmethanol, is used in perfumes, flavors, soaps, cosmetics, ointments, and ball point pen inks; it is also used in some anti-itching medications.
Navigation Bar. Molecule Gallery. Download 3D. Ethanol , also known as ethyl alcohol and grain alcohol , is the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.
Ethylene glycol 1,2-Ethanediol. In a biological membrane structure, lipid molecules are arranged in a spherical bilayer: hydrophobic tails point inward and bind together by van der Waals forces, while the hydrophilic head groups form the inner and outer surfaces in contact with water.
Interactive 3D Image of a lipid bilayer BioTopics. Because the interior of the bilayer is extremely hydrophobic, biomolecules which as we know are generally charged species are not able to diffuse through the membrane— they are simply not soluble in the hydrophobic interior. The transport of molecules across the membrane of a cell or organelle can therefore be accomplished in a controlled and specific manner by special transmembrane transport proteins, a fascinating topic that you will learn more about if you take a class in biochemistry.
A similar principle is the basis for the action of soaps and detergents. Soaps are composed of fatty acids, which are long typically carbon , hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains with a charged carboxylate group on one end,.
Fatty acids are derived from animal and vegetable fats and oils. In aqueous solution, the fatty acid molecules in soaps will spontaneously form micelles , a spherical structure that allows the hydrophobic tails to avoid contact with water and simultaneously form favorable van der Waals contacts. Interactive 3D images of a fatty acid soap molecule and a soap micelle Edutopics. Because the outside of the micelle is charged and hydrophilic, the structure as a whole is soluble in water.
Micelles will form spontaneously around small particles of oil that normally would not dissolve in water like that greasy spot on your shirt from the pepperoni slice that fell off your pizza , and will carry the particle away with it into solution.
We will learn more about the chemistry of soap-making in a later chapter section Synthetic detergents are non-natural amphipathic molecules that work by the same principle as that described for soaps. The physical properties of alcohols are influenced by the hydrogen bonding ability of the -OH group.
The -OH groups can hydrogen bond with one another and with other molecules. Hydrogen bonding raises the boiling point of alcohols. This is due to the combined strength of so many hydrogen bonds forming between oxygen atoms of one alcohol molecule and the hydroxy H atoms of another.
The longer the carbon chain in an alcohol is, the lower the solubility in polar solvents and the higher the solubility in nonpolar solvents. This table shows that alcohols in red have higher boiling points and greater solubility in H 2 O than haloalkanes and alkanes with the same number of carbons.
It also shows that the boiling point of alcohols increase with the number of carbon atoms. Solubility Virtually all of the organic chemistry that you will see in this course takes place in the solution phase. Example Exercise 2. Solutions Illustrations of solubility concepts: metabolic intermediates, lipid bilayer membranes, soaps and detergents Because water is the biological solvent, most biological organic molecules, in order to maintain water-solubility, contain one or more charged functional groups.
Interactive 3D Image of a lipid bilayer BioTopics Because the interior of the bilayer is extremely hydrophobic, biomolecules which as we know are generally charged species are not able to diffuse through the membrane— they are simply not soluble in the hydrophobic interior. Soaps are composed of fatty acids, which are long typically carbon , hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains with a charged carboxylate group on one end, Fatty acids are derived from animal and vegetable fats and oils.
Interactive 3D images of a fatty acid soap molecule and a soap micelle Edutopics Because the outside of the micelle is charged and hydrophilic, the structure as a whole is soluble in water. Hydrogen Bonding and Solubility The physical properties of alcohols are influenced by the hydrogen bonding ability of the -OH group. Hydrogen Bonding of Methanol Hydrogen bonding raises the boiling point of alcohols.
References Schore, Neil E. Peter C. Organic Chemistry: Structure and Function. When compared to the methanol, the total of three carbons and and multiple hydrogens it begins to show quite a bit more non-polar properties with larger areas of gray. Propanol - Chime in new window Hexanol is mostly non-polar with a some polar properties:. The alcohol -OH group still gives a small polar effect. When compared to the methanol and propanol, the total of six carbons and and multiple hydrogens shows the dominance of the non-polar properties by the large amount of gray areas.
Note: The band of blue and red on end of the molecule should be all gray to reflect the non-polar property. Hexanol - Chime in new window. Covalent Compounds. Elmhurst College. Electrostatic Potential. Organic Functional Groups. Functional Gps vs. Chemistry Department.
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